Nuclear energy has a complex and controversial history, marked by the devastating events of 1945 when atomic bombs were used in Japan. These bombings led to an increased awareness of the destructive potential of nuclear energy, prompting eminent scientists like Albert Einstein to advocate for pacifism and caution against the use of such powerful weapons. However, over the years, nuclear energy has found various peaceful applications.
One of the notable uses of nuclear energy is in propelling submarines and ships. The United States launched its first atom-powered submarine in 1954, revolutionizing naval warfare with its impressive endurance records and capability to travel long distances without refueling. Subsequent developments saw nuclear submarines traveling beneath ice packs at the North Pole, showcasing the vast potential of nuclear propulsion in the maritime domain. The US further demonstrated its nuclear prowess with the construction of the super-carrier "Enterprise," boasting eight nuclear reactors that propelled it at impressive speeds.
Apart from its military applications, nuclear energy has significant contributions to other fields. Carbon 14, a radioactive element, plays a vital role in archaeology and scientific research. The amount of Carbon 14 remaining in ancient objects helps determine their age accurately, thanks to the groundbreaking Carbon Clock apparatus devised by Dr. Willard F. Libby. In agriculture, radioisotopes are used to study plant growth cycles, identify optimal nutrients for various crops, and develop effective methods for pest control.
Industries also benefit from nuclear science, utilizing radioisotopes to assess engine and lubricant efficiency, evaluate the effectiveness of soaps and detergents, and maintain tobacco quantities in cigarettes using radioactive gauges. Moreover, nuclear energy has found its way into medicine, with Cobalt-60 being instrumental in cancer treatments and Iodine-131 used in treating thyroid diseases.
However, nuclear energy is not without its risks and controversies. The disposal of radioactive waste remains a significant concern, and accidents like the one at Chernobyl in 1986 have highlighted the grave dangers associated with nuclear power. The need for stringent safety measures and the handling of radioactive materials significantly contributes to the cost of nuclear power stations.
Despite the challenges, the world's reserves of nuclear fuel are substantial, providing an alternative to depleting fossil fuels. Around 17% of the world's electricity is currently generated from nuclear power stations, and nations that produce electricity from nuclear fuel must adhere to the safety standards set by the International Atomic Energy Agency.
India has made commendable progress in harnessing nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. As the world continues to explore sustainable energy options, nuclear energy will remain a topic of great importance, as it has the potential to play a crucial role in meeting the energy demands of the future. Ensuring safety, proper waste management, and continuous research and development are essential aspects of nuclear energy's responsible use as we strive to secure a cleaner and more sustainable energy future.